Syarat Mendirikan PT (Perseroan Terbatas) di Indonesia

Dalam melangsungkan suatu bisnis, para pengusaha membutuhkan suatu wadah untuk dapat bertindak melakukan perbuatan hukum dan bertansaksi. Pemilihan jenis badan usaha ataupun badan hukum yang akan dijadikan sebagai sarana usaha tergantung pada keperluan para pendirinya. Sarana usaha yang paling populer digunakan adalah Perseroan terbatas (PT), karena memiliki sifat, ciri khas dan keistimewaan yang tidak dimiliki oleh bentuk badan usaha lainnya, yaitu:
•Merupakan bentuk persekutuan yang berbadan hukum
•Merupakan kumpulan modal/saham
•Memiliki kekayaan yang terpisah dari kekayaan para perseronya
•Pemegang saham memiliki tanggung jawab yang terbatas
•Adanya pemisahan fungsi antara pemegang saham dan pengurus
atau direksi
•Memiliki komisaris yang berfungsi sebagai pengawas
•Kekuasaan tertinggi berada pada RUPS

Dasar Hukum pembentukan PT, masing-masing sebagai berikut:
•PT Tertutup (PT Biasa) : berdasarkan UU No. 40/2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas ( ii-companylawelucidation-law40.pdf )

•PT. Terbuka (PT go public):
berdasarkan UU No. 40/2007 dan UU No. 8/1995 tentang Pasar
Modal

•PT. PMDN : berdasarkan UU No. 6/1968 juncto UU No. 12/1970

•PT. PMA : berdasarkan UU No. 1/1967 juncto UU No. 11/1970 tentang PMA

•PT. PERSERO
berdasarkan UU No. 9/1968 tentang Bentuk-Bentuk Usaha Negara
juncto PP No. 12/1998 tentang Perusahaan Perseroan

Adapun syarat-syarat pendirian PT secara formal berdasarkan UU No. 40/2007 (i-company-law-law-40.pdf) adalah sebagai berikut:
1.Pendiri minimal 2 orang atau lebih (ps. 7(1))
2.Akta Notaris yang berbahasa Indonesia
3.Setiap pendiri harus mengambil bagian atas saham, kecuali dalam
rangka peleburan (ps. 7 ayat 2 & ayat 3)
4.Akta pendirian harus disahkan oleh Menteri kehakiman dan
diumumkan dalam BNRI (ps. 7 ayat 4)
5.Modal dasar minimal Rp. 50jt dan modal disetor minimal 25% dari
modal dasar (ps. 32, ps 33)
6.Minimal 1 orang direktur dan 1 orang komisaris (ps. 92 ayat 3 &
ps. 108 ayat 3)
7.Pemegang saham harus WNI atau Badan Hukum yang didirikan
menurut hukum Indonesia, kecuali PT. PMA

Sedangkan persyaratan material berupa kelengkapan dokumen yang harus disampaikan kepada Notaris pada saat penanda-tanganan akta pendirian adalah:

1. KTP dari para Pendiri (minimal 2 orang dan bukan suami isteri).
Kalau pendirinya cuma suami isteri (dan tidak pisah harta) maka,
harus ada 1 orang lain lagi yang bertindak sebagai pendiri/
pemegang saham
2. Modal dasar dan modal disetor.
Untuk menentukan besarnya modal dasar, modal ditempatkan
dan modal disetor ada strateginya. Karena semua itu tergantung
pada jenis/kelas SIUP yang di inginkan. Penentuan kelas SIUP
bukan berdasarkan besarnya modal dasar, melainkan
berdasarkan besarnya modal disetor ke kas Perseroan.
Kriterianya adalah:
1. SIUP Kecil modal disetor s/d Rp. 200jt
2. SIUP Menengah modal disetor Rp. 201jt s/d Rp. 500jt
3. SIUP Besar modal disetor > Rp. 501jt

Besarnya modal disetor sebaiknya maksimum sampai dengan 50% dari modal dasar, untuk memberikan kesempatan bagi Perusahaan apabila sewaktu-waktu akan mengeluarkan saham dalam simpanan, tidak perlu meningkatkan modal dasar lagi. Namun demikian, boleh juga modal dasar = Modal disetor. Tergantung dari kebutuhan.

3. Jumlah saham yang diambil oleh masing-masing pendiri
(presentase nya)
Misalnya: A = 25% B = 50% C = 25%
4. Susunan Direksi dan komisaris serta jumlah Dewan Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris

Sedangkan untuk ijin2 perusahaan berupa surat keterangan domisili Perusahaan, NPWP perusahaan, SIUP, TDP/WDP dan PKP, maka dokumen-dokumen pelengkap yang diperlukan adalah:
1. Kartu Keluarga Direktur Utama
2. NPWP Direksi (kalau tidak ada, minimal Direktur Utama)
3. Copy Perjanjian Sewa Gedung berikut surat keterangan domisili
dari pengelola gedung (apabila kantornya berstatus sewa)
apabila berstatus milik sendiri, yang dibutuhkan:
-copy sertifikat tanah dan
-copy PBB terakhir berikut bukti lunasnya
4. Pas photo Direktur Utama/penanggung jawab ukuran 3X4
sebanyak 2 lembar
5. Foto kantor tampak depan, tampak dalam (ruangan berisi meja,
kursi, komputer berikut 1-2 orang pegawainya). Biasanya ini
dilakukan untuk mempermudah pada waktu survey lokasi untuk
PKP atau SIUP
6. Stempel perusahaan (sudah ada yang sementara untuk pengurusan ijin2).

Penting untuk diketahui, bahwa pada saat tanda-tangan akta pendirian, dapat langsung diurus ijin domisili, dan NPWP. Setelah itu bisa membuka rekening atas nama Perseroan. Setelah rekening atas nama perseroan dibuka,maka dalam jangka waktu max 1 bulan sudah harus menyetor dana sebesar Modal disetor ke rekening perseroan, utk dapat diproses pengesahannya. Karena apabila lewat dari 60 (enam puluh) hari sejak penanda-tanganan akta, maka perseroan menjadi bubar berdasarkan pasal 10 ayat 9 UU PT No. 40/2007.

HOW OIL DRILLING WORKS

The Oil Drilling Process

Photo courtesy Phillips Petroleum Co. Rotary workers trip drill pipe

The crew sets up the rig and starts the drilling operations. First, from the starter hole, they drill a surface hole down to a pre-set depth, which is somewhere above where they think the oil trap is located. There are five basic steps to drilling the surface hole:

1. Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
2. Attach the kelly and turntable and begin drilling.
3. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole.
4. Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets deeper.
5. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-set depth (anywhere from a few hundred to a couple-thousand feet) is reached.

Once they reach the pre-set depth, they must run and cement the casing -- place casing-pipe sections into the hole to prevent it from collapsing in on itself. The casing pipe has spacers around the outside to keep it centered in the hole.

The casing crew puts the casing pipe in the hole. The cement crew pumps cement down the casing pipe using a bottom plug, a cement slurry, a top plug and drill mud. The pressure from the drill mud causes the cement slurry to move through the casing and fill the space between the outside of the casing and the hole. Finally, the cement is allowed to harden and then tested for such properties as hardness, alignment and a proper seal.

In the next section we'll find out what happens once the drill bit reaches the final depth.

Oil Rig Systems

Once the equipment is at the site, the rig is set up. Here are the major systems of a land oil rig:

Anatomy of an oil rig

• Power system
  • large diesel engines - burn diesel-fuel oil to provide the main source of power
  • electrical generators - powered by the diesel engines to provide electrical power

• Mechanical system - driven by electric motors
  • hoisting system - used for lifting heavy loads; consists of a mechanical winch (drawworks) with a large steel cable spool, a block-and-tackle pulley and a receiving storage reel for the cable
  • turntable - part of the drilling apparatus

• Rotating equipment - used for rotary drilling
  • swivel - large handle that holds the weight of the drill string; allows the string to rotate and makes a pressure-tight seal on the hole
  • kelly - four- or six-sided pipe that transfers rotary motion to the turntable and drill string
  • turntable or rotary table - drives the rotating motion using power from electric motors
  • drill string - consists of drill pipe (connected sections of about 30 ft / 10 m) and drill collars (larger diameter, heavier pipe that fits around the drill pipe and places weight on the drill bit)
  • drill bit(s) - end of the drill that actually cuts up the rock; comes in many shapes and materials (tungsten carbide steel, diamond) that are specialized for various drilling tasks and rock formations

• Casing - large-diameter concrete pipe that lines the drill hole, prevents the hole from collapsing, and allows drilling mud to circulate

  Photo courtesy Institute of Petroleum Mud circulation in the hole

• Circulation system - pumps drilling mud (mixture of water, clay, weighting material and chemicals, used to lift rock cuttings from the drill bit to the surface) under pressure through the kelly, rotary table, drill pipes and drill collars
  • pump - sucks mud from the mud pits and pumps it to the drilling apparatus
  • pipes and hoses - connects pump to drilling apparatus
  • mud-return line - returns mud from hole
  • shale shaker - shaker/sieve that separates rock cuttings from the mud
  • shale slide - conveys cuttings to the reserve pit
  • reserve pit - collects rock cuttings separated from the mud
  • mud pits - where drilling mud is mixed and recycled
  • mud-mixing hopper - where new mud is mixed and then sent to the mud pits

Drill-mud circulation system

• Derrick - support structure that holds the drilling apparatus; tall enough to allow new sections of drill pipe to be added to the drilling apparatus as drilling progresses

• Blowout preventer - high-pressure valves (located under the land rig or on the sea floor) that seal the high-pressure drill lines and relieve pressure when necessary to prevent a blowout (uncontrolled gush of gas or oil to the surface, often associated with fire)

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